FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH EXTREME MATERNAL MORBIDITY IN A COHORT OF PREGNANT WOMEN IN A CALI EAPB 2019-2020 / FACTORES ASOCIADOS A LA MORBILIDAD MATERNA EXTREMA EN UNA COHORTE DE GESTANTES DE UNA EAPB CALI 2019-2020

Introduction: Extreme maternal morbidity (EMM) is an event of interest in public health that has an important impact when evaluating health services, since timely and quality care in a woman with a severe obstetric complication can prevent a fatal outcome. In an EAPB in the city of Cali during the 2019-2020 period, a need was evidenced to determine the behavior of the factors mostly associated with extreme maternal morbidity, this being a relevant study to support decision-making. Methodology: it is a type of observational analytical retrospective cohort study, we worked with a census of pregnant women registered in the insurer's nominal follow-up matrix, which is fed from various sources such as the single database of affiliates, SIVIGILA, RIPS among others, a characterization of the sociodemographic, clinical and health care factors was carried out by means of absolute and relative frequencies, later they were crossed in contingency tables to determine association by means of the chi square test and a regression model was carried out. binomial log to establish the factors that best explain EMM. Results: most of the pregnant women were between 18 and 35 years old, from the subsidized regime, from the urban area, with informal work, educational level of basic secondary, with a stable partner (married or in a free union), non-ethnic, (No perceived as indigenous, ROM or Afro-Colombian, were in their second or third pregnancy period, covered by IVE counseling and the psychoprophylactic course and began their prenatal care in the first trimester, and an incidence of 3,2% of EMM was estimated. Conclusions: the risk of EMM was higher in pregnant women without IVE advice, psychoprophylactic course, ultrasound, nutrition consultation, gynecology, iron sulfate, calcium or folic acid; also in adolescents, in those over 36 years of age, from rural areas, without a stable partner, ethnic, vulnerable population, primiparous, with a history of abortion, with weight/height alterations, with high obstetric risk, with Dx of HIV or gestational syphilis and with late start of prenatal care.

Introducción: La morbilidad materna extrema es un evento de interés en salud pública que tiene un impacto importante al evaluar los servicios de salud ya que una atención oportuna y de calidad en una mujer con una complicación obstétrica severa puede prevenir un desenlace fatal. En una EAPB en la ciudad de Cali durante el periodo 2019-2020 se evidencio una necesidad referente a determinar cuál es el comportamiento de los factores mayormente asociados a la morbilidad materna extrema, siendo este un estudio relevante para apoyar la toma de decisiones. Metodología: es un tipo de estudio observacional analítico de cohorte retrospectiva, se trabajó con un censo de las gestantes registradas en la matriz de seguimiento nominal de la aseguradora, que se alimenta de diversas fuentes como la base de datos única de afiliados, SIVIGILA, RIPS entre otras, se realizó una caracterización de los factores sociodemográficos, clínicos y de atención en salud  por medio de frecuencias absolutas y relativas, posteriormente se cruzaron en tablas de contingencias para determinar asociación por medio de la prueba chi cuadrado y se realizó un modelo de regresión log binomial para establecer los factores que mejor explican la Morbilidad Materna Extrema (MME). Resultados: en su mayoría las gestantes tenían entre 18 y 35 años, del régimen subsidiado, de la zona urbana, con trabajo informal, nivel educativo de básica secundaria, con pareja estable (casadas o en unión libre), no étnica, (No se perciben como indígena, ROM o afrocolombiana, cursaban su segundo o tercer periodo de gestación, con cobertura de asesoría de IVE y del curso psicoprofiláctico y iniciaron su control prenatal en el primer trimestre y se estimó una incidencia de 3,2% de MME. Conclusiones:  el riesgo de MME fue superior gestantes sin asesoría de IVE, curso psicoprofiláctico, ecografía, consulta de nutrición, ginecología, sulfato ferros, calcio o ácido fólico; además en adolescentes, en mayores de 36 años, de la zona rural, sin pareja estable, con pertenencia étnica, de población vulnerable, primigestantes, con antecedente de aborto, con alteraciones peso/talla, con alto riesgo obstétrico, con Dx de VIH o sífilis gestacional y con inicio tardío del control prenatal.

Predictors of parenting difficulties at the 18-month health checkups: A retrospective study using administrative data from infant health checkups.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to identify predictors of parenting difficulties at 18 months from the results of the 4-, 6-7-, and 9-10-month infant health checkups among caregivers who had not experienced difficulties at 4 months. DESIGN AND SAMPLES: This retrospective study used data from infant health checkups conducted in a city in Tokyo from November 2019 to October 2021. The participants were caregiver-child dyads of children who had undergone four checkups. Low birthweight, preterm, and multiple birth infants, and caregivers who experienced difficulties at 4 months were excluded. MEASUREMENTS: Data included caregiver, child-rearing environment, and child factors at the 4-, 6-7-, and 9-10-month checkups and caregivers' self-reported parenting difficulties at the 18-month checkup. RESULTS: Of the 555 caregivers, 48 (8.6%) experienced parenting difficulties at 18 months. Logistic regression analyses showed that mothers' physical condition (4 months), children being male, abnormal child growth (4 months), less than 10th percentile for children's height (6-7 and 9-10 months), and abnormal examination results (6-7 months) were significantly associated with parenting difficulties at 18 months. CONCLUSIONS: To prevent child abuse, public health nurses should consider the identified factors to detect and support caregivers with emerging parenting difficulties.

Setting up a specialized maternity unit in a tertiary hospital: An oasis for pregnant women with COVID-19 during the pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: The COVID-19 pandemic has had an enormous impact on society and the medical environment in Taiwan in 2022. As pregnant women with COVID-19 are at higher risk for multiple complications, Taiwan needs a COVID-19 specialized maternity unit to improve the quality of maternal and neonatal care. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We share our experience with specialized maternity unit for pregnant women with COVID-19 at the National Cheng Kung University Hospital, where we can have careful evaluation, safe birth, and comprehensive postpartum care. RESULTS: Our COVID-19 specialized maternity unit enrolled 253 pregnant women with COVID-19, 90 (35.6%) pregnant women were admitted to the specialized maternity unit, and 71 (28.1%) pregnant women gave birth during hospitalization in two months. All pregnant women recovery well and real-time polymerase chain reaction tests on all infants were negative for COVID-19. CONCLUSION: A specialized maternity unit can provide pregnant women with a safe birth environment, immediate maternity care, and high medical quality. It can also help health workers in non-specialized maternity units deal with COVID-19-related psychological stress. Therefore, setting up one specialized maternity unit in the city during the pandemic should be guardedly considered.

Health professionals' competencies regarding breastfeeding beyond 12 months: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Breastfeeding up to two years and beyond supports the health and neurobiological development of a child. Nevertheless, mothers experience criticism from health professionals towards breastfeeding beyond 12 months. Competence related to breastfeeding counselling is defined as minimum knowledge, skills and attitudes that all health professionals should have to protect, promote and support breastfeeding. Professionals' education related to breastfeeding beyond 12 months is insufficient worldwide which challenges the competent and evidence-based support mothers wish for. METHODS: This systematic review aimed to synthesize the existing literature on health professionals' competencies regarding breastfeeding beyond 12 months. The search was limited to peer-reviewed scientific papers published between 2000 and 2022 that focused on the competencies of health professionals regarding breastfeeding beyond 12 months. Seven databases were searched, and of the 884 studies retrieved, seven were included in the review. The studies were subjected to the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklists. The data were analyzed using deductive thematic analysis, driven by the concept of competence. RESULTS: All the dimensions of competence could be found in the data. Health professionals' knowledge or skills related to breastfeeding beyond 12 months were explored in all seven studies, and attitudes towards breastfeeding beyond 12 months were explored in four studies. The main themes identified were Knowledge Combined with Skills, and Attitudes. The main theme, Knowledge Combined with Skills, was formed out of eight themes: perceptions regarding nutritional value, perceptions regarding economic value, perceptions regarding family interaction, perceptions regarding impacts on the mother's wellbeing, perceptions regarding impacts on the child's wellbeing, perceptions regarding suitable duration, perceptions regarding recommendations, and counseling skills. The attitudes varied and therefore the Attitudes main theme consisted of three themes: promotive attitudes, hostile attitudes, and passive attitudes towards breastfeeding beyond 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: Health professionals' knowledge and skills include several dimensions and vary substantially. Health professionals' attitudes vary between hostile and supportive and influence professionals' advice regarding breastfeeding beyond 12 months. The results suggested that there is considerable variation in health professionals' competencies, which emphasizes the importance of education regarding breastfeeding beyond 12 months.

Are pregnancy outcomes affected by the lack of legal status? A demographic study based on 850,288 live births in Switzerland.

BACKGROUND: In the context of increased global mobility, it is fundamental to understand migrants' needs and how governments can ensure equal health opportunities for both regular and irregular migrants simply by applying low-cost primary health care measures. To identify health issues in which to intervene, this study analysed the impact of a mother's lack of legal status, together with available biological and socioeconomic characteristics, on four indicators of adverse perinatal outcomes in Switzerland. METHODS: Based on the exhaustive records of the Swiss Federal Statistical Office (FSO) for its Vital Statistics (BEVNAT), different indicators of birth outcomes, including preterm birth (PTB), low and very low birth weight (LBW and VLBW), and small for gestational age (SGA), were analysed using logistic regressions on live births occurring from 2005 to 2018. These four adverse outcomes were defined as dependent variables. Statistical analysis was performed using the statistical package STATA, version 17. RESULTS: Selected pregnancy outcomes were conversely affected by an irregular legal status. Analysis run on the final sample showed that, compared to the neonates of mothers who are non-migrant legal residents in Switzerland, newborns of irregular migrants have higher risks of PTB (aOR 1.18 95% CI [1.05-1.32], p<0.01) and VLBW (aOR 1.43 [1.13-1.81], p < 0.01]). In contrast, we observed that in both irregular and regular migrant groups, the odds of SGA were lowered (aOR .76 [.68-.85] p<0.01) and aOR .93 [.91-.94], p< 0.01, respectively). A similar effect was observed when controlling for any adverse outcome (any AOs) (aOR  .90 [.83-.99] p 0.022; and aOR .93 [.91-.94] p< 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our results, together with those from the available literature, call for a more comprehensive assessment of all pregnancy outcomes as well as of the social determinants of health for which the analysis was adjusted. Given the complexity of the migration phenomenon, future studies should account for local structural restrictions in the organization of care, the extension of a person's network as a means of health care accessibility, diverse backgrounds and cultures and the recent arrival status of migrants. This would allow researchers to understand the long-term impact of social determinants of health on the wellbeing of a mother and child and take them into account in the adoption of health policies.

Inequity of maternal-child health services in ASEAN member states from 1993 to 2021.

INTRODUCTION: Inequity in maternal-child health services is a challenge to global health as it hinders the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Universal Health Coverage. Though the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has made remarkable achievements in maternal-child health, there remain gaps in reaching global goals. This study aimed to compare and investigate the inequity in maternal-child health (MCH) services in ASEAN member states to help guide policy decisions to improve equitable health services in the SDG era and beyond. METHODS: Using the WHO Health Inequality Monitor, we identified inequity summary measures for five MCH services in ASEAN member states from 1993 to 2021: antenatal care, births attended by skilled health personnel, diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (DTP3) immunization, measles immunization, and polio immunization. We divided the analysis dimension of inequity into urban-rural inequity, economic status inequity, and sub-regional inequity. Trends of absolute and relative inequity in every dimension of MCH services in ASEAN member states were examined with the principal component analysis (PCA). RESULTS: The mean coverages of MCH services are 98.80% (Thailand), 86.72% (Cambodia), 84.54% (Viet Nam), 78.52 (Indonesia), 76.94% (Timor-Leste), 72.40% (Lao PDR), 68.10% (Philippines) and 48.52% (Myanmar) in 2021. Thailand have the lowest MCH services absolute inequity indexes of -1.945, followed by Vietnam (-1.449). Lao PDR and Myanmar have relatively higher MCH services absolute inequity indexes of 0.852 and 0.054 respectively. The service in Cambodia, Indonesia, and the Philippines is pro-specific regions (with subnational region absolute inequity indexes of -0.02, 0.01, and 1.01 respectively). The service in Myanmar is pro-rich (with economic status absolute inequity index of 0.43). The service in Lao PDR and Timor-Leste is pro-urban areas, pro-rich, and pro-specific regions. CONCLUSION: The inequity of MCH services in ASEAN persists but is in a declining trend. Thailand and Vietnam have performed well in ensuring MCH services equity, while Laos and Myanmar are still facing serious inequity dilemmas. The progress of MCH service equity in Myanmar, Cambodia, the Philippines, and Indonesia is uneven. It is acceptable to learn from the successful experiences of Thailand and Vietnam to improve the equities in other ASEAN countries. Policies should be developed according to the specific types of MCH inequity in member states to improve equity levels.

What values drive communities' nutrition priorities in a resource constrained urban area in South Africa?

BACKGROUND: Voices of under-resourced communities are recognised as important yet are often unheard in decisions about healthcare resource allocation. Deliberative public engagement can serve as an effective mechanism for involving communities in establishing nutrition priorities. This study sought to identify the priorities of community members of a South African township, Soweto, and describe the underlying values driving their prioritisation process, to improve nutrition in the first 1000 days of life. METHODS: We engaged 54 community members (28 men and 26 women aged > 18 years) from Soweto. We conducted seven group discussions to determine how to allocate limited resources for prioritising nutrition interventions. We used a modified public engagement tool: CHAT (Choosing All Together) which presented 14 nutrition intervention options and their respective costs. Participants deliberated and collectively determined their nutritional priorities. Choices were captured quantitatively, while group discussions were audio-recorded. A thematic analysis was undertaken to identify the reasons and values associated with the selected priorities. RESULTS: All groups demonstrated a preference to allocate scarce resources towards three priority interventions-school breakfast provisioning, six-months paid maternity leave, and improved food safety. All but one group selected community gardens and clubs, and five groups prioritised decreasing the price of healthy food and receiving job search assistance. Participants' allocative decisions were guided by several values implicit in their choices, such as fairness and equity, efficiency, social justice, financial resilience, relational solidarity, and human development, with a strong focus on children. Priority interventions were deemed critical to supporting children's optimal development and well-being, interrupting the intergenerational cycle of poverty and poor human development in the community. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates how public engagement can facilitate the incorporation of community values and programmatic preferences into nutrition priority setting, enabling a responsive approach to local community needs, especially in resource constrained contexts. Findings could guide policy makers to facilitate more appropriate decisions and to improve nutrition in the first 1000 days of life.

Análise estratégica da atenção às malformações congênitas: proposta de abordagem para o desenho de linhas de cuidado / Strategic analysis of malformations congenital care: proposal of approach and development of care pathways

Resumo O trabalho apresenta uma proposta de agrupamento de casos para organização de serviços e linhas de cuidado. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório, no campo do planejamento e organização dos serviços de saúde, que utilizou como caminho metodológico a pesquisa documental e bibliográfica e a consulta a especialistas, por meio da técnica de grupo nominal. A partir da análise estratégica, foram identificados quatro grupos: MC menores; MC de abordagem cirúrgica tardia; MC de abordagem cirúrgica imediata; e MC incompatíveis com a vida. A proposição partiu da articulação dos conhecimentos da clínica, da epidemiologia e do planejamento em saúde para auxiliar no desenho e organização da atenção às malformações congênitas. A análise estratégica mostrou-se adequada e permitiu identificar grupos de casos que demandam um conjunto homogêneo de atividades assistenciais e o cuidado em serviços de saúde com perfil assistencial similar. Tal proposta pode contribuir também para o planejamento regional e a organização da rede de atenção a outros problemas e condições complexas de saúde que demandam a articulação de serviços especializados e de alta densidade tecnológica.

Abstract This paper aims at presenting a proposal for grouping cases for the organization of health services and care pathways. This is an exploratory study in the field of health services planning and management, which used, as its methodology, documentary and bibliographic research as well as interviews with specialists by using nominal group technique. From the strategic analysis, four groups were identified: smaller CM; CM with late surgical approach; CM with immediate surgical approach; and CM incompatible with life. The proposition started from the articulation of clinical, epidemiological and health planning knowledge to assist in the management and organization of congenital malformations care. The strategic analysis proved to be adequate and allowed us to identify case groups that demand a homogeneous set of care strategies and care in health services with a similar profile. This proposal can also contribute to regional planning and management of care for other complex health problems and conditions, which demand the articulation of specialized services and high technological density.

Gestational syphilis at different health care levels: a cross-sectional study / Sífilis gestacional en diferentes niveles de atención de salud: un estudio transversal / Sífilis gestacional em diferentes níveis de atenção à saúde: um estudo transversal

Background and objectives: Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease that can cause miscarriage, premature birth, malformations, and neonatal death. When diagnosed and treated in the first months of pregnancy, the neonatal risks are considerably reduced. This work aims to discuss the key points regarding prevention and effective treatment of gestational syphilis at different health care levels. Methods: Retrospective cross-sectional study. A survey was carried out about syphilis notifications recorded at a hospital in Porto Alegre, RS, from January to June 2021, considering the variables date of diagnosis and notification and laboratory, treatment, and prenatal care data collected in hospital records and the e-SUS system. Results: In the study period, 17 cases of gestational syphilis and 102 cases in newborns were notified. We selected the case of a patient with a history of two pregnancies without prenatal care and use of psychoactive substances. This case illustrates the patient's itinerary in Primary Care, in specialized services such as the Center for Psychosocial Care and High-Risk Prenatal Care, and hospital care, showing the availability of care and, at the same time, the fragmentation of services. Conclusion: Multidisciplinary actions are needed at different health care levels to ensure access to testing for pregnant women and their partners, family planning, and adequate syphilis treatment, which interrupts the disease transmission chain and avoids possible complications of neonatal syphilis.(AU)

Justificativa e objetivos: A sífilis é uma infecção sexualmente transmissível que pode causar aborto, parto prematuro, malformações e morte neonatal. Quando diagnosticada e tratada nos primeiros meses da gestação, os riscos neonatais são consideravelmente diminuídos. Este trabalho tem como objetivo discutir os pontos-chave na prevenção e no tratamento efetivo da sífilis gestacional no contexto dos diferentes níveis de atenção à saúde. Métodos: Estudo transversal retrospectivo. Foi realizado um levantamento das notificações de sífilis em um hospital de Porto Alegre, RS, de janeiro a junho de 2021, considerando as variáveis data do diagnóstico e da notificação e dados de exames laboratoriais, de tratamento e de atendimento pré-natal, coletadas nos registros hospitalares e no sistema e-SUS. Resultados: No período do estudo, foram notificados dezessete casos de sífilis em gestantes e 102 em recém-nascidos. Selecionamos o caso de uma paciente com histórico de duas gestações sem pré-natal e uso de substâncias psicoativas. O caso ilustra o itinerário da paciente na atenção primária, em serviços especializados, como Centro de Atenção Psicossocial e Pré-Natal de Alto Risco, além do atendimento hospitalar, demonstrando a disponibilidade dos atendimentos e, ao mesmo tempo, a fragmentação dos serviços. Conclusão: São necessárias ações multidisciplinares nos diferentes níveis de atenção à saúde para garantir acesso à testagem da gestante e seus parceiros, ao planejamento familiar e ao tratamento adequado da sífilis, que interrompa a cadeia de transmissão da doença e evite possíveis complicações da sífilis neonatal.(AU)

Justificación y objetivos: La sífilis es una infección de transmisión sexual que puede causar aborto espontáneo, parto prematuro, malformaciones y muerte neonatal. Su diagnóstico y tratamiento en los primeros meses de embarazo lleva a una considerable reducción en los riegos neonatales. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo discutir los puntos clave en la prevención y tratamiento efectivo de la sífilis gestacional en el contexto de los diferentes niveles de atención a la salud. Métodos: Estudio transversal retrospectivo. Se realizó una encuesta de notificaciones de sífilis en un hospital de Porto Alegre (Brasil), de enero a junio de 2021, considerando las siguientes variables fecha de atención y notificación, y datos de exámenes de laboratorio, de tratamiento y control prenatal, recabadas de los registros hospitalarios y del sistema e-SUS. Resultados: Durante el período de estudio se reportaron diecisiete casos de sífilis en embarazadas y 102 en recién nacidos. Seleccionamos el caso de una paciente con antecedentes de dos embarazos sin control prenatal y consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. El caso ilustra el itinerario de la paciente por la atención primaria, por servicios especializados como el Centro de Atención Psicosocial y Atención Prenatal de Alto Riesgo, además de la atención hospitalaria, lo que demostró la disponibilidad de la atención y, al mismo tiempo, la fragmentación de los servicios. Conclusiones: Son necesarias acciones multidisciplinarias en los diferentes niveles de atención a la salud para garantizar el acceso a la prueba de la embarazada y de sus parejas, a la planificación familiar y al tratamiento adecuado de la sífilis, lo que interrumpa la cadena de transmisión de la enfermedad y evite posibles complicaciones de la sífilis neonatal.(AU)

Triple Benefit: Impact of an Integrated Early Childhood Development and PMTCT Intervention on ART Outcomes Among Mothers Living with HIV and Infants in Malawi-An Endline Evaluation.

We conducted a programmatic, observational cohort study with mother-infant pairs (MIPs) enrolled in prevention-of-mother-to-child-transmission (PMTCT) programs in Malawi to assess the feasibility and potential HIV-related benefits of integrating Early Childhood Development (ECD) services into PMTCT programs. Six health facilities were included in the intervention. We offered ECD counseling from the WHO/UNICEF Care for Child Development package in PMTCT waiting spaces while MIPs waited for PMTCT and broader treatment consultations. Primary outcomes were mothers' retention in HIV care at 12 months and infant HIV testing at 6 weeks and 12 months after birth. Routine facility-level data from six comparison health facilities were collected as an adhoc standard of care comparison and used to calculate the cost of delivering the intervention. A total of 607 MIPs were enrolled in the integrated ECD-PMTCT intervention between June 2018 and December 2019. The average age of MIPs was 30 years and 7 weeks respectively. We found that 86% of mothers attended ≥ 5 of the 8 ECD sessions over the course of 12 months; 88% of intervention mothers were retained in PMTCT versus 59% of mothers in comparison health facilities, and 96% of intervention infants were tested for HIV by six weeks compared to 66% of infants in comparison health facilities. Costing data demonstrated the financial feasibility of integrating ECD and PMTCT programs in government health facilities in Malawi. Integrating ECD into PMTCT programs was feasible, acceptable, resulted in better programmatic outcomes for both mothers and infants. Further investigation is required to determine optimal delivery design for scale-up.

Who Delivers Maternal and Child Health Services? The Contributions of Public Health and Other Community Partners.

Policy Points Local health departments with direct maternal and child health service provisions exhibit greater social service collaboration, thereby enhancing community capacity to improve health care access and social determinant support. These findings may prioritize collaboration as a community-based effort to reduce disparities in maternal and child health and chronic disease. CONTEXT: Improving maternal and child health (MCH) care in the United States requires solutions to address care access and the social determinants that contribute to health disparities. Direct service provision of MCH services by local health departments (LHDs) may substitute or complement public health services provided by other community organizations, impacting local service delivery capacity. We measured MCH service provision among LHDs and examined its association with patterns of social service collaboration among community partners. METHODS: We analyzed the 2018 National Longitudinal Survey of Public Health Systems and 2016 National Association of County and City Health Officials Profile data to measure the LHD provision of MCH services and the types of social services involved in the implementation of essential public health activities. We compared the extensive and intensive margins of social service collaboration among LHDs with any versus no MCH service provision. We then used latent class analysis (LCA) to classify collaboration and logistic regression to estimate community correlates of collaboration. FINDINGS: Of 620 LHDs, 527 (85%) provided at least one of seven observed MCH services. The most common service was Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (71%), and the least common was obstetric care (15%). LHDs with MCH service provision were significantly more likely to collaborate with all types of social service organizations. LCA identified two classes of LHDs: high (n = 257; 49%) and low (n = 270; 51%) collaborators. Between 74% and 96% of high collaborators were engaged with social service organizations that provided basic needs services, compared with 31%-60% of low collaborators. Rurality and very high maternal vulnerability were significantly correlated with low collaboration among MCH service-providing LHDs. CONCLUSIONS: LHDs with direct MCH service provision exhibited greater social service collaboration. Collaboration was lowest in rural communities and communities with very high maternal vulnerability. Over half of MCH service-providing LHDs were classified as low collaborators, suggesting unrealized opportunities for social service engagement in these communities.

Contrarreferência: estratégia para continuidade do cuidado na saúde da mulher e recém-nato / Counter-referral: strategy for continuity of care in the health of women and newborns / Contrarreferencia: estrategia para la continuidad de la atención en salud de la mujer y el recién nacido

Objetivo: avaliar a contrarreferência como estratégia para a continuidade do cuidado às mulheres e recém-nascidos de uma maternidade de risco habitual para a atenção primária de saúde. Métodos: estudo qualitativo realizado em maternidade de risco habitual e em unidades de saúde em Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil. Os dados foram coletados entre setembro e novembro de 2020, com enfermeiros das unidades de saúde e mulheres que tiveram a alta contrarrefenciada da maternidade. Mediante análise de conteúdo, as falas foram estratificadas em temas e subtemas pré-definidos pelo referencial teórico adotado, que prevê três categorias de continuidade do cuidado e suas respectivas dimensões. Resultados: participaram oito enfermeiros e seis puérperas. Emergiram das entrevistas 26 estratos. Destacaram-se, na Categoria informacional, a dimensão "o uso das informações obtidas pela contrarreferência para continuidade do cuidado"; na Categoria relacional a dimensão "a importância de vínculo entre profissionais e pacientes", e na Categoria gerencial "a utilização de mecanismos de rede para um cuidado efetivo". Conclusão: a contrarreferência foi evidenciada como estratégia para continuidade de cuidado pelos dois grupos investigados, capaz de proporcionar subsídios para promover um cuidado eficiente para as puérperas. Entretanto, há necessidade de otimizar instrumentos de contrarreferência padronizados, efetivando o processo na rede de saúde.

Objective: to evaluate counter-referral as a strategy for the continuity of care of women and newborns from a usual-risk maternity hospital to primary health care. Methods: qualitative study developed in a usual-risk maternity and in health units in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. Data collection period was between September and November 2020 with nurses from the health units and women who had counter-referral discharge from the maternity hospital. After content analysis, the speeches were divided into themes and subthemes predefined by the theoretical framework adopted, which provides for three categories of continuity of care and their respective dimensions. Results: eight nurses and six puerperal women participated. Twenty-six strata emerged from the interviews. Highlights, in the Informational category, the dimension "the use of information obtained by counter-referral for continuity of care"; in the Relational category, the dimension "the importance of professional-patient bonding", and in the Managerial category, "the use of network mechanisms for effective care". Conclusion:the counter-referral was evidenced as a strategy for continuity of care by the two groups investigated, capable of providing support to promote efficient care for puerperal women. However, there is a need to optimize standardized counter-referral instruments, making the process effective in the health network.

Objetivo: evaluar la contrarreferencia como estrategia para la continuidad de la atención a mujeres y recién nacidos en una maternidad de riesgo habitual para la atención primaria de salud. Métodos: estudio cualitativo desarrollado en maternidades de riesgo habitual y en unidades de salud de Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil. El período de recolección de datos fue entre septiembre y noviembre de 2020 con enfermeros de las unidades de salud y mujeres que tuvieron alta por contrarreferencia de la maternidad. A través del análisis de contenido, los discursos fueron divididos en temas y subtemas predefinidos por el referencial teórico adoptado, que prevé tres categorías de continuidad del cuidado y sus respectivas dimensiones. Results: eight nurses and six puerperal women participated. Twenty-six strata emerged from the interviews. Highlights, in the Informational category, the dimension "the use of information obtained by counter-referral for continuity of care"; in the Relational category, the dimension "the importance of professional-patient bonding", and in the Managerial category, "the use of network mechanisms for effective care". Conclusión: la contrarreferencia se evidenció como una estrategia de continuidad del cuidado por parte de los dos grupos investigados, capaz de brindar apoyo para promover el cuidado eficiente de la puérpera. Sin embargo, existe la necesidad de optimizar los instrumentos estandarizados de contrarreferencia, haciendo efectivo el proceso en la red de salud.

Cacto development: care program for mothers of children with congenital zika syndrome / Desarrollo de cacto: programa de atención a madres de niños con síndrome de zika congénito / Desenvolvimento do cacto: programa de cuidado às mães de crianças com síndrome congênita do zika

ABSTRACT Objective: to develop a unitary caring program for mothers of children with Congenital Zika Syndrome. Method: this is a methodological study, based on Unitary Caring Science, developed in two phases: creation, consisting of six moments, and content validity, through the participation of 36 experts on the subject, professional caregivers and mothers. The Content Validity Index and the Content Validity Ratio were used for data analysis. Results: the program was named CACTO, composed of seven care modalities: Taking care of my mind; Upright and correct position; Taking care of my sleep; Family that is together; Mirror mirror on the wall; Mother who takes care of mother; Facing prejudices. CACTO was validated with a Content Validity Index ≥0.88 and critical Content Validity Ratio values greater than or equal to the cutoff point defined for each group of experts. Conclusion: the translation of Unitary Caring Science into a care program encourages professionals to promote innovative care, valuing acceptance, autonomy, citizenship and critical awareness, advocating in favor of emancipatory interactional care. CACTO is a technological innovation that can transform professional care, promote the resolution of mothers' health needs and enhance the quality of life of children with Congenital Zika Syndrome, family and caregivers themselves.

RESUMEN Objetivo: desarrollar un programa de atención unitaria para madres de niños con síndrome congénito causado por el virus Zika. Método: estudio metodológico, basado en la Ciencia del Cuidado Unitario, desarrollado en dos fases: creación, compuesta por seis momentos, y validación de contenido a través de la participación de 36 expertos en el tema, cuidadores profesionales y madres. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizaron el Índice de Validez de Contenido y la Razón de Validez de Contenido. Resultados: el programa se denominó CACTO, compuesto por siete modalidades de atención: Cuidando mi mente; Posición erguida y correcta; Cuidando mi sueño; Familia que llega junta; Espejo, espejo mío; Madre que cuida a la madre; Enfrentando los prejuicios. CACTO fue validado con un Índice de Validez de Contenido ≥0.88 y valores críticos de Relación de Validez de Contenido mayores o iguales al punto de corte definido para cada grupo de expertos. Conclusión: la traducción de la Ciencia del Cuidado Unitario en un programa de cuidado alienta a los profesionales a promover un cuidado innovador, valorando la aceptación, la autonomía, la ciudadanía y la conciencia crítica, abogando por el cuidado interaccional emancipador. El CACTO es una innovación tecnológica que puede transformar la atención profesional, promover la resolución de las necesidades de salud de las madres y mejorar la calidad de vida de los niños con síndrome congénito causado por el virus Zika, la familia y los propios cuidadores.

RESUMO Objetivo: desenvolver um programa de cuidado unitário às mães de crianças com Síndrome Congênita do vírus Zika. Método: estudo metodológico, fundamentado na Ciência do Cuidado Unitário, desenvolvido em duas fases: criação, constituída por seis momentos, e validação de conteúdo mediante participação de 36 experts na temática, cuidadoras profissionais e mães. O Índice de Validação de Conteúdo e o Content Validity Ratio foram utilizados para análise dos dados. Resultados: o programa foi nomeado de CACTO, composto por sete modalidades de cuidado: Cuidando da minha mente; Posição ereta e correta; Cuidando do meu sono; Família que chega junto; Espelho espelho meu; Mãe que cuida de mãe; Enfrentando preconceitos. O CACTO foi validado com Índice de Validação de Conteúdo ≥0,88 e valores do Content Validity Ratio crítico maior ou igual ao ponto de corte definido para cada grupo de experts. Conclusão: a translação da Ciência do Cuidado Unitário em programa de cuidado estimula as profissionais a promoverem cuidados inovadores, valorizando o acolhimento, autonomia, cidadania e consciência crítica, advogando em favor do cuidado interacional emancipatório. O CACTO é uma inovação tecnológica que pode transformar os cuidados profissionais, promover resolutividade das necessidades de saúde das mães e potencializar qualidade de vida da criança com Síndrome Congênita do vírus Zika, família e das próprias cuidadoras.

Evaluation of the implementation of human milk supply for prematures in a neonatal intensive care unit / Avaliação da implantação do fornecimento de leite humano para prematuros em unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal

Abstract Objectives: to assess the supply of human milk exclusively to prematures in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and the influence of external and organizational contexts on the degree of implementation of this intervention. Methods: this is an implementation evaluation with analysis of the external context (sociodemographic situation of mothers, support network and industry marketing) and organizational context (belonging to the hospital unit). To define the degree of implementation, the Analysis and Judgment Matrix was used, considering the compliance dimension, and the availability and technical-scientific quality sub-dimensions. The data used were obtained through interviews, semi-structured questionnaires and analysis of documents from the institution. Results: the degree of implementation of the intervention was 80.74%, proving to be satisfactory, with emphasis on the technical-scientific quality sub-dimension. Conclusions: the success in the supply of human milk is linked to public policies, the support and guidance offered to mothers in the hospital unit, presence of a support network, knowledge of mothers about the benefits of breastfeeding, adequate infrastructure and availability of supplies. The prematures being hospitalized in a child-friendly hospital contributed to the implementation of the intervention.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar o fornecimento de leite humano de forma exclusiva aos prematuros em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal e a influência dos contextos externo e organizacional no grau de implantação dessa intervenção. Métodos: trata-se de uma avaliação de implantação com análise dos contextos externo (situação sociodemográfico das mães, rede de apoio e marketing da indústria) e organizacional (pertencente à unidade hospitalar). Para definir o grau de implantação, foi utilizada a Matriz de Análise e Julgamento, considerando a dimensão conformidade, e as subdimensões disponibilidade e qualidade técnico-científica. Os dados utilizados foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas, questionários semiestruturados e análise de documentos da instituição. Resultados: o grau de implantação da intervenção foi de 80,74%, mostrando-se satisfatório, com destaque para a subdimensão qualidade técnico-científica. Conclusões: o sucesso no fornecimento de leite humano está atrelado às políticas públicas, ao apoio e orientações oferecidos às mães na unidade hospitalar, disponibilidade de rede de apoio, conhecimento das mães acerca dos benefícios do aleitamento materno, infraestrutura adequada e disponibilidade de insumos. Os prematuros estarem internados em hospital amigo da criança contribuiu para a implantação da intervenção.

Barreiras no preenchimento da lista de verificação para partos seguros: revisão integrativa / Barreras para completar la lista de verificación de la seguridad del parto: revisión integradora / Barriers in completing the checklist for safe deliveries: integrative review

Resumo Objetivo Identificar na literatura científica as barreiras que dificultam a aplicação da Lista de Verificação para Partos Seguros da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Métodos Revisão integrativa, realizada entre os meses de novembro de 2020 e maio de 2022, por meio das seguintes fontes de dados: Scopus, Medline®/PubMed®, Web of Science e Cinahl. O estudo foi realizado conforme as recomendações do protocolo Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Resultados A amostra foi composta por 14 estudos, publicados principalmente no ano de 2021, predominando a América do Sul como continente de publicação. O idioma inglês foi o mais prevalente, assim como os estudos metodológicos e a abordagem quantitativa. O nível de evidência IV prevaleceu na amostra. Observa-se que os fatores culturais foram fortemente descritos nos estudos identificados, seguidos dos fatores estruturais e fatores relacionados ao processo de trabalho. Conclusão As principais barreiras que dificultam a aplicação da Lista de Verificação para Partos Seguros foram os fatores culturais (relações interpessoais, hierarquização das classes profissionais e má comunicação); estruturais (desenho e fonte utilizada no checklist) e relacionados ao processo de trabalho (como a lista de verificação foi implantada no serviço de saúde, postura do gerente quanto à apresentação dela e necessidade de intervenção educativa/formação para os profissionais de saúde).

Resumen Objetivo Identificar en la literatura científica las barreras que dificultan la aplicación de la Lista de verificación de la seguridad del parto de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Métodos Revisión integradora, realizada entre los meses de noviembre de 2020 y mayo de 2022, a través de las siguientes fuentes de datos: Scopus, Medline®/PubMed®, Web of Science y Cinahl. El estudio fue realizado según las recomendaciones del protocolo Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Resultados La muestra estuvo compuesta por 14 estudios, publicados principalmente en el año 2021, en los que predominó América del Sur como continente de publicación. El inglés fue el idioma predominante, así como los estudios metodológicos y el enfoque cuantitativo. El nivel de evidencia IV fue predominante en la muestra. Se observa que los factores culturales se describen con frecuencia en los estudios identificados, seguidos de los factores estructurales y los factores relacionados con el proceso de trabajo. Conclusión Las principales barreras que dificultan la aplicación de la Lista de verificación de la seguridad del parto fueron los factores culturales (relaciones interpersonales, jerarquización de las clases profesionales y mala comunicación); los factores estructurales (diseño y tipografía utilizada en la lista) y los factores relacionados con el proceso de trabajo (cómo se implementó la lista de verificación en el servicio de salud, postura del gerente con relación a la presentación de la lista y necesidad de intervención educativa/formación para los profesionales de la salud).

Abstract Objective To identify, in the scientific literature, the barriers that make it difficult to apply the Safe Childbirth Checklist of the World Health Organization. Methods An integrative review was conducted from November 2020 to May 2022, using the following data sources: Scopus, MEDLINE®/PubMed®, Web of Science, and CINAHL. This study was conducted according to the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses protocol. Results The sample consisted of 14 studies published mainly in 2021, when South America predominated as a publishing continent. The English language, methodological studies, and quantitative approaches prevailed. Level IV evidence prevailed in the sample. In the identified studies, there was a strong description of cultural factors, followed by structural factors and factors related to the work process. Conclusion Cultural (interpersonal relationships, hierarchy of professional classes, and poor communication) and structural (design and fonts used in the checklist) factors, and those related to the work process (such as the checklist implemented in the health service, the manager's attitude regarding presenting it, and need for educational/training intervention for health professionals) are the main barriers that make it difficult to apply the Safe Childbirth Checklist.

Saúde mental na gestação, no nascimento e na primeira infância: análise crítica de políticas públicas brasileiras / Mental health during pregnancy, childbirth, and early childhood: a critical analysis of Brazilian public policy

Resumo Introdução Gestação, nascimento e primeira infância são momentos da vida familiar que envolvem expressivas transformações e desafios para a assistência à saúde. Objetivo O presente artigo propõe uma análise crítica das principais políticas públicas de saúde brasileiras relacionadas à saúde mental neste período desenvolvimental das famílias. Método Trata-se de um estudo documental, exploratório e analítico, no qual 13 documentos do Ministério da Saúde foram analisados quanto a duas categorias temáticas definidas a priori: 1) concepções de saúde mental e 2) atores e práticas envolvidos no cuidado em saúde mental. Resultados Os termos saúde mental e humanização foram citados de forma ampla, sem clareza de suas definições e aplicações. A equipe multidisciplinar foi destacada, no entanto não foram encontradas especificações a respeito dos profissionais que deveriam compô-la e nem da capacitação para atuação nessa área. Conclusão Propõe-se a diferenciação do conceito de humanização e do cuidado em saúde mental relacionados à gestação, ao nascimento e à primeira infância, destacando-se o papel do psicólogo e a importância da aproximação entre pesquisa e políticas públicas de saúde.

Abstract Background Pregnancy, childbirth, and early childhood are moments of family life that involve transformations and a challenge in terms of health care assistance. Objective We sought to critically analyze Brazilian public health policies related to mental health issues during this family developmental stage. Method This is an exploratory and analytical, document-based study. Thirteen documents from the Ministry of Health were analyzed using two previously established thematic categories: 1) conceptions of mental health and 2) agents and practices involved in mental health care. Results While the terms mental health and humanization were used extensively, there was little clarity regarding their definitions and applications. The multidisciplinary team was highlighted, but the professionals who should make it up and the training to work in this area were inadequately defined. Conclusion We propose a differentiation between the fields of humanization and mental health care for pregnancy, childbirth, and early childhood, highlighting the role of psychologists and the need for greater proximity between research and public health policy.

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health care services in Phuentsholing General Hospital: A retrospective descriptive study.

Background: COVID-19 pandemic has derailed health care services. The health resources and manpower were prioritized and diverted to curb the COVID-19 infections at the cost of routine medical services to the people. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and child health is unknown. This study aimed to assess the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on maternal and child health care services in Phuentsholing General Hospital. Methods: A descriptive retrospective study was conducted at Phuentsholing General Hospital from January 1 to June 30, 2022. The patient medical records were reviewed for the prepandemic years 2018, and 2019, and the pandemic years 2020, and 2021. The medical records of all the female patients and newborns who came to the Maternal and Child Health Unit (MCH), those who were admitted to the gynecology ward, and who underwent obstetrical and gynecological surgeries were reviewed. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 23. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages were used to describe the study variables. The line graph and bar graph were used to determine the trends and to compare the impact of COVID-19 on MCH services between the pre-pandemic and pandemic years. Results: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the total admission dropped by 10% to 14.4%; the total deliveries dropped by 16.1%; Cesarean section rate dropped to 12.9%; and fewer gynecological surgeries were performed (13.9% from 20.6%). There was a significant drop in antenatal and postnatal follow-up visits (31.5% and 24.51%) respectively; Pap smear dropped by 93% and colposcopy by 52%. The overall immunization coverage has dropped drastically during the pandemic period. Conclusion: The pregnant mothers and newborn babies missed antenatal and postnatal follow-up visits, missed immunization, and women were not able to be screened for cervical cancers during the pandemic. These negative impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and child health care were profound.

Understanding the use of telehealth in the context of the Family Nurse Partnership and other early years home visiting programmes: A rapid review.

Overview: This rapid review sought to understand the use of telehealth in early parenthood programmes sharing similarities with the Family Nurse Partnership. Methods: A rapid review protocol was developed in accordance with Cochrane Rapid Reviews Methods Guidance. Medline, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL databases were searched. Inclusion criteria were developed using population, intervention, comparator, outcome, study design, and timeframe components. Two reviewers searched, screened, and extracted data. AMSTAR was used for critical appraisal. Results were synthesised narratively. Results: Searches yielded 18 studies out of 881 for inclusion. Findings were identified across seven domains: acceptability and accessibility; therapeutic relationships; flexibility offered by telehealth; participation and engagement; confidentiality and privacy; equipment and technical considerations; and training and support. Conclusion: Telehealth provides unique opportunities to improve access to early years health services for young mothers. However, considerable accessibility barriers remain in the form of connectivity issues, access to appropriate technology, and the acceptability of remote healthcare delivery. This review presents a timely overview of the opportunities and challenges associated with the use of telehealth in early parenthood and family-based programmes.

Prospects for maternal and child health in Japan.

In Japan, outcome measures for maternal and child health measures such as maternal, perinatal, and infant mortality have consistently shown a trend toward improvement. On the other hand, the problems of the declining birth rate, child abuse, and domestic violence have become evident since the 1990s. In terms of Japan's maternal and child health, it is necessary to take measures to preserve mental health of mothers and children, and also to respond to family issues such as abuse and violence. The services needed such as comprehensive support centers for families with children and new postpartum care programs have been established. It is necessary to further improve the competence of doctors, public health nurses, and midwives working in the maternal and child health field and to promptly construct a cooperation system in the community. J. Med. Invest. 69 : 159-164, August, 2022.

Medical, behavioural and social preconception and interconception risk factors among pregnancy planning and recently pregnant Canadian women.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to describe the clustering of medical, behavioural and social preconception and interconception health risk factors and determine demographic factors associated with these risk clusters among Canadian women. DESIGN: Cross-sectional data were collected via an online questionnaire assessing a range of preconception risk factors. Prevalence of each risk factor and the total number of risk factors present was calculated. Multivariable logistic regression models determined which demographic factors were associated with having greater than the mean number of risk factors. Exploratory factor analysis determined how risk factors clustered, and Spearman's r determined how demographic characteristics related to risk factors within each cluster. SETTING: Canada. PARTICIPANTS: Participants were recruited via advertisements on public health websites, social media, parenting webpages and referrals from ongoing studies or existing research datasets. Women were eligible to participate if they could read and understand English, were able to access a telephone or the internet, and were either planning a first pregnancy (preconception) or had ≥1 child in the past 5 years and were thus in the interconception period. RESULTS: Most women (n=1080) were 34 or older, and were in the interconception period (98%). Most reported risks in only one of the 12 possible risk factor categories (55%), but women reported on average 4 risks each. Common risks were a history of caesarean section (33.1%), miscarriage (27.2%) and high birth weight (13.5%). Just over 40% had fair or poor eating habits, and nearly half were not getting enough physical activity. Three-quarters had a body mass index indicating overweight or obesity. Those without a postsecondary degree (OR 2.35; 95% CI 1.74 to 3.17) and single women (OR 2.22, 95% CI 1.25 to 3.96) had over twice the odds of having more risk factors. Those with two children or more had 60% lower odds of having more risk factors (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.86). Low education and being born outside Canada were correlated with the greatest number of risk clusters. CONCLUSIONS: Many of the common risk factors were behavioural and thus preventable. Understanding which groups of women are prone to certain risk behaviours provides opportunities for researchers and policy-makers to target interventions more efficiently and effectively.